Enterprise Resource planning system

Enterprise Resource planning system In the business world organization, business software plays a very important role to support the business and its activities to increase the productivity and efficiency of the business. Although business software give benefits but it also brings major implication for a company when the firm decide to implement different type of business software. This paper will discuss the role and purpose of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and Accounting Information System (AIS). Moreover the paper will discuss the benefits and drawbacks for companies of implementing ERP system. Specifically the paper will discuss how AIS system maybe be affected by implementation of a full ERP system and the identification of major implication for AIS system. Role and Purpose of Enterprise Resource planning system Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) is specifically designed for distributors, retailers and professional services firms according for their needs. The company named SAP Aktiengesellschaft is currently a world market and technology leader in providing ERP systems (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004). ERP system implemented to provide more accurate information and safe time, reduce asset costs and financial cycles, increase customer satisfaction, and globally integrate information across the enterprise supply chain. ERP system use relational database technology to integrate various units of an organizations information system which integrated all business process and sub-processes linked and unified into a single system. It has been designed to focus on four main areas in a company that is financial, human resources, marketing and supply chain management. ERP system is essential to the needed by all organizations and can use in any kind of organization, irrespective of the business objectives, size, and area of operations. Using this system not only economizes but it also improves the efficiency of the average existing work process. Without ERP system on modern day, firms cant run competitively between organizations because leak of proper drafted and formulated which ERP system can provide it. The main reason for this is because it can be configured to accommodate a large variety of different work processes and this lead it became popular not only in large corporations but midsized companies also frequently used it because it provides a seamless integration of their business. During the 1990s, Global 2000 companies spent billions of dollars on ERP systems (Dan Everett, 2003). The attractive of ERP systems seem likely to be the promise of centrally coordinating and controlling many aspect of corporate planning. As such, ERP systems can be seen to represent a far reaching technological promise and even the ultimate manifestation. Benefits and Drawbacks for Implementing ERP System The benefits for implementing ERP system is it helps organization to reduce costs and cycle time, increase the productivity and quality and improve the customer service by automating basic and repetitive operations. ERP systems automatically estimate the demand for a product, order the raw materials, provide production schedules, track down the entire inventory, allocate costs, and keep historical customer. The ERP systems repeat all the operation and keep the information so that the organization can analysts the impact of changes in product mix and volumes in order to maximize corporate profit margins. Besides that, ERP systems also provide informational benefits to management. ERP system helps an organization to achieve better resource management for example in workforce management improved the manpower allocation, in inventory management improved inventory turn and stock allocation, in production management optimized supply chain and production schedules. It also improved decision making by increase the market responsiveness, has a better profit and also controls the cost and also flexible the customer services, increase the service adjustment and response customer demand. Integrated information systems bring a new opportunity to directly support a tight link with customers (Vitale, 1986; Malone and Yates, 1987; Clemons and McFarlan, 1986). ERP systems provide E-business by using the web integration capability it helps get closer to customers. It provides benefit to business to business (B2B) interactive customer service, for example through customer directs feedback it can improved product design, and most importantly provide real time and reliable data enquiries. In addition with the integrated and standard application architecture in ERP system it provide infrastructure support business flexibility for future changes by response to internal and external changes and provide range of options in react, reduced IT costs and increased capability for quick and economic implementation of new applications (Shari Shang and Peter B. Seddon, 2000). The drawback for implementing ERP system is the cost of installing is expensive. The cost of installing an ERP system can cost up to US$100 million. In1999, most organizations spent between US$90-180 billion on ERP system (Shari Shang Peter B. Seddon, 2000). The ERP system be installed by ERP consulting organization and the fees to modify the system is also expensive with average at about US$150-$225 per hour (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004). Besides that, installing an ERP systems take a longer period. ERP system is a complicated system and it often takes 12-18 months to be installed and operating (Benjamin B. Bae, Paul Ashcroft, 2004). It take longer period is because a detailed study must be made and reviewed before installing ERP system to match the business requirement. Any mistake in planning of ERP systems will affect the entire performance system. The implementation of the ERP systems will hurting the companys process, break customer relations and will required a longer time from achieving its long-term financial goals (Dr. Yan Wang, 2005). In addition, implementation ERP system required a new procedures to manage the system, train employee the procedures of system, and managerial and technical support and this cause many companies found the change takeover to ERP systems a slow and painful process. Role and Purpose of Accounting Information System (AIS) Accounting Information System (AIS) play as a backbone in accounting transaction processing system. It combine the accounting format, implementation, and monitoring of information systems. It uses the modern information technology resources with the traditional accounting methods to provide financial information to organizations. AIS analyze and record all the business transactions to prepare financial statements and provide accounting data to manage the organization. Constantinos J. Stefanou state that, AIS is a process of collecting and recording the data and information based on the events that have an economic effect upon organizations and keep the maintenance, processing and communication of information to stakeholders. All the information will be use for decision making purpose and evaluate the financial position of the organization. Andreas I. Nicolaou, 2000 claim that a critical research issue in the fields of accounting and management decision-making concerns the fit of the AIS with the organizational requirements for information communication and control. This means that AIS is a computer-based system which process all the financial information and supports the decision tasks in the context of coordination and control of organizational activities. Besides that, Ed ODonnell, Julie Smith David, 2000 state that AIS provide input for decision making. AIS summarized the important business events for example production, purchasing and selling activities for internal decision making. AIS make business accounting activities easier, quicker, and more accurate. It safe accountant time and avoid mistake since the system is analyzed accounting records and prepare financial statements. Since AIS gather all accounting and transaction information by electronically and automatically so it avoids data entry and computing errors. The Major Implication for AISs of the Implementation of a Full ERP System Basically, a successful implementation of ERP system will increases competitiveness by increase the quality and customer satisfaction, speed up the processes, and reduce all the lead times. There is few reason AIS system may be affected by the implementation of a full ERP system. Steve G. Sutton 2006 claim that ERP system change the financial accounting environment significantly as the processes used to record, assimilate and distribute such information all radically change. ERP system can be traced back all the transaction recording process for example it will captures the data when a cashier scanning a bar code or warehouse worker at a receiving dock and automatically update the processes in the AIS records. Besides that, ERP system also supports two major processes in AIS that is order-to-cash and purchase-to-pay. In order-to-cash process, the ERP system can analyze to determine the goods being requested by customers. At this process, ERP system links together customer, inventory, purchasing, and vendor data to determine whether the customer is in good standing and likely to pay the bill. After that, ERP system schedules the order for delivery, if the goods are not available within the organization, a purchase order is sent to a vendor. ERP system will ensure that the invoice contains correct quantities, prices, terms, and addresses and then it will record cash receipts and updating cash and accounts receivable amounts in the general. For the purchase-to-pay process, ERP system will automatically generate the purchase requisition on the basis of data and reviews purchases requests to determine that organization is authorized and within budget. ERP system will assists the buyer in identifying sources of supply for the requested item, analyzing vendor quotations, and selecting vendors by comparing vendor prices, terms and past performance. ERP system will automatically links purchasing order, receipt and vendor invoice and record in accounts payable in the general ledger. Further, ERP systems also improved decision-making process and used financial ratio analysis. It act as facilitators of business processes and also support management decision-making. It has enabled to use financial ratio analysis and production of budgets which also including cash budgets, absorption costing and profitability analysis per customer. In addition ERP systems have introduced sophisticated accounting techniques in their accounting processes which is activity based costing (ABC) and target costing. It also lesser extent involves time reductions for accounts closure and preparation of financial statements. The last reason through the implementation of a full ERP system is it not just a business process of electronic procedures but it is also with the scientific management idea. This system can always thinking of integrating the organization internal control throughout the entire business cycle, through a set of pre-designed and improved cover the plans, prices, supply, production, sales, and inventory management and automatically update. In summary, the ERP systems appear to have fulfilled its purpose as demonstrated in the changes in the accounting practices brought in. Overall, the benefits achieved by ERP systems strongly influence accounting information and practices and also organizational planning at a strategic level. Booth et al. (2000) states that ERP users perceptions of the quality of accounting IS in financial and management accounting as adequate in terms of reporting and decision support and good in terms of transaction reporting. Therefore, results between the two systems are comparable, indicating that there are still benefits accrued for ERP adopters. Stefanou (2002) also reports that the integration of accounting applications, information exchange and reporting capabilities as notable advantages and strengths of ERP systems. Conclusion In conclusion,

growaw Edna Pontellier’s Rebirth in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Rebirth in The Awakening  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, focused a spotlight on some very dark corners of our society.   As a woman, I want to have a voice in my marriage, and I want to make decisions along with my husband, if I decide to marry. In The Awakening, Edna is a married woman who does not want to be a wife or a mother. She is bound to her home and her husband who makes every important decision in their marriage.   Mr. Pontellier was a very demanding, know it all, kind of man. He expected his wife Edna to come to him at every beck and call. He never let Edna make any decisions of her own. For example, Edna couldn’t sleep one night, so she grabbed a shawl and sat at on her porch for a few early morning hours while her husband slept. He awoke, without her beside him, and demanded that she come in and go to bed. Why couldn’t she stay out on that porch and dream of good thoughts? She was a very unhappy woman, and many nights, she would cry for hours about her unhappiness. In the third chapter she really expresses her true unhappiness with her husband and her children. She really has no interest in her children and caring for them as a mother. I can blame Edna, because she knew what she was in for when she married Leonce. But, I also feel sorry for her because reality hit her too late, and she’s miserable. I felt like she thought maybe giving it a chance with this man and bearing children, that she may learn to enjoy this life. WRONG!! Leonce is a big pretender, especially in front of people. He sends chocolates and gifts to Edna, in which other women see and wish for that kind of husband. They don’t know the true kind of person he his. He is really not an ideal husband or father. He attends to his business and gambling with his friends while his wife is demanded to care for the children. If he was a true, loving husband, then he would take out some time to spend with his wife and help her out with the children. Robert is a fun, caring man to women and he especially desires Edna. He sees her unhappiness and of course tries to comfort her.

Statistics Chapter 12 Solutions

CHAPTER 12: TESTS FOR TWO OR MORE SAMPLES WITH CATEGORICAL DATA 1. When testing for independence in a contingency table with 3 rows and 4 columns, there are ________ degrees of freedom. a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 12 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 2. If we use the [pic] method of analysis to test for the differences among 4 proportions, the degrees of freedom are equal to: a) 3. b) 4. c) 5. d) 1. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom . If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in group 1 than in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 4. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is the same in group 1 as in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 5. In testing a hypothesis using the [pic] test, the theoretical frequencies are based on the a) null hypothesis. b) alternative hypothesis. c) normal distribution. d) none of the above. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties TABLE 12-1 A study published in the American Journal of Public Health was conducted to determine whether the use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County.A sample of 792 children treated for injuries sustained from motor vehicle accidents was obtained, and each child was classified according to (1) ethnic status (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) and (2) seat belt usage (worn or not worn) during the accident. The number of children in each category is given in t he table below. | |Hispanic |Non-Hispanic | |Seat belts worn |31 |148 | |Seat belts not worn |283 |330 | . Referring to Table 12-1, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for interaction in a 2 x 2 factorial design. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 7. Referring to Table 12-1, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 9991. b) -0. 1368. c) 48. 1849. d) 72. 8063. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 8.Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 9. Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude t hat the a) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is related to ethnic status in San Diego County. b) use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County. c) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is associated with ethnic status in San Diego County. ) all of the above ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-2 Many companies use well-known celebrities as spokespersons in their TV advertisements. A study was conducted to determine whether brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. Each in a sample of 300 female TV viewers was asked to identify a product advertised by a celebrity spokesperson. The gender of the spokesperson and whether or not the viewer could identify the product was recorded. The numbers in each category are given below. |Male Celebrity |Female Celebrity | |Identified product |41 |61 | |Could not identify |109 |89 | 10. Referri ng to Table 12-2, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 11. Referring to Table 12-2, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 1006. b) 0. 00. c) 5. 9418. d) 6. 1194. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 12. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 13. Referring to Table 12-2, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. ) 299. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 14. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5 % level of significance, the conclusion is that a) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. b) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are not independent. c) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are related. d) both (b) and (c) ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-3A computer used by a 24-hour banking service is supposed to randomly assign each transaction to one of 5 memory locations. A check at the end of a day’s transactions gave the counts shown in the table to each of the 5 memory locations, along with the number of reported errors. |Memory Location: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Number of Transactions: |82 |100 |74 |92 |102 | |Number of Reported Errors: |11 |12 |6 |9 |10 |The bank manager wanted to test whether the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations differ. 15. Referring to Table 12-3, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for difference between proportions c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for goodness of fit ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 16. Referring to Table 12-3, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic is a) 4. b) 8. c) 10. d) 448. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 17. Referring to Table 12-3, the critical value of the test statistic at 1% level of significance is a) 7. 7794. b) 13. 2767. c) 20. 0902. d) 23. 2093. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 18. Referring to Table 12-3, the calculated value of the test statistic is a) -0. 1777. b) -0. 0185. c) 1. 4999. d) 1. 5190. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: c hi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 19. Referring to Table 12-3, at 1% level of significance ) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. c) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same. d) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same.ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 20. Moving companies are required by the government to publish a Carrier Performance Report each year. One of the descriptive statistics they m ust include is the annual percentage of shipments on which a $50 or greater claim for loss or damage was filed. Suppose two companies, Econo-Move and On-the-Move, each decide to estimate this figure by sampling their records, and they report the data shown in the following table. |Econo-Move |On-the-Move | |Total shipments sampled |900 |750 | |Number of shipments with a claim [pic] $50 |162 |60 | The owner of On-the-Move is hoping to use these data to show that the company is superior to Econo-Move with regard to the percentage of claims filed. Which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for goodness of fit ) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for the difference between proportions ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions 21. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in the perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. Assuming W designates women’s responses and M designates men’s, what hypothesis should The Wall Street Journal test in order to show that its claim is true? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 d) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 22. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women.The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. For a 0. 01 level of significance, what is the critical value for the rejection region? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 23.The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the wome n, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What is the value of the test statistic? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 24. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What conclusion should be reached? a) Using a 0. 1 level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. b) There is insufficient evidence to conclude with at least 99% confidence that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. c) There is no evidence of a significant difference between the men and women in their perception. d) More information is needed to draw any conclusions from the data set. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 5. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Which of the following are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to test the group’s claim? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 ) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 26. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Find the value of the test statistic. a) Z = – 2. 55 b) Z = – 0. 85 c) Z = – 1. 05 d) Z = – 1. 20ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 27. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A gro up of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. If the p value turns out to be 0. 035 (which is NOT the real value in this data set), then a) at [pic] = 0. 05, we should fail to reject H0. ) at [pic] = 0. 04, we should reject H0. c) at [pic] = 0. 03, we should reject H0. d) None of the above would be correct statements. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-4 A few years ago, Pepsi invited consumers to take the â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † Consumers were asked to decide which of two sodas, Coke or Pepsi, they preferred in a blind taste test. Pepsi was interested in determining what factors played a role in people’s taste preferences. One of the factors studied was the gender of the consumer.Below are the re sults of analyses comparing the taste preferences of men and women, with the proportions depicting preference for Pepsi. Males: n = 109, pSM = 0. 422018Females: n = 52, pSF = 0. 25 pSM – pSF = 0. 172018Z = 2. 11825 28. Referring to Table 12-4, to determine if a difference exists in the taste preferences of men and women, give the correct alternative hypothesis that Pepsi would test. a) H1: [pic] b) H1: [pic] c) H1: pM – pF [pic] 0 d) H1: pM – pF = 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 29.Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi more than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0171 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 2119 d) 0. 4681 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 30. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi less than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0170 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 9660 d) 0. 9830 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 31. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose that the two-tailed p-value was really 0. 0734. State the proper conclusion. a) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. b) At [pic] = 0. 10, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. c) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi equals the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. ) At [pic] = 0. 08, there is insufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of f emales preferring Pepsi. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-5 The following Excel output contains the results of a test to determine if the proportions of satisfied guests at two resorts are the same or different. |Hypothesized Difference |0 | |Level of Significance |0. 5 | |Group 1 | |Number of Successes |163 | |Sample Size |227 | |Group 2 | |Number of Successes |154 | |Sample Size |262 | |Group 1 Proportion |0. 18061674 | |Group 2 Proportion |0. 58778626 | |Difference in Two Proportions |0. 130275414 | |Average Proportion |0. 648261759 | |Test Statistic |3. 00875353 | |Two-Tailed Test | |Lower Critical Value |-1. 59961082 | |Upper Critical Value |1. 959961082 | |p-Value |0. 002623357 | 32. Referring to Table 12-5, allowing for 0. 75% probability of committing a Type I error, what are the decision and conclusion on testing whether there is any difference in the proportions of satisfied guest s in the two resorts? a.Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. b. Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. c. Reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. d.Reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 33. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a higher proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† the p-value of the test will be a) 0. 00262. b) 0. 00262/2. c) 2*(0. 00262). d) 1-(0. 00262/2). ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 34. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a lower proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† you will use a) a t test for the difference in two proportions. b) a Z test for the difference in two proportions. c) a [pic] test for the difference in two proportions. d) a [pic] test for independence. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportionsTABLE 12-6 One criterion used to evaluate employees in the assembly section of a large factory is the number of defective pieces per 1,000 parts produced. The quality control department wants to find out whether there is a relationship between years of experience and defect rate. Since the job is repetitious, after the initial training period, any improvement due t o a learning effect might be offset by a loss of motivation. A defect rate is calculated for each worker in a yearly evaluation. The results for 100 workers are given in the table below. | |Years Since Training Period | | | |< 1 Year |1 – 4 Years |5 – 9 Years | | |High |6 |9 |9 | |Defect Rate: |Average |9 |19 |23 | | |Low |7 |8 |10 | 5. Referring to Table 12-6, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment to determine whether there is a relationship between defect rate and years of experience? a) [pic]test for independence in a two-way contingency table b) [pic]test for equal proportions in a one-way table c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) Z test for the difference in two proportions ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 36. Referring to Table 12-6, find the rejection region necessary for testing at the 0. 5 level of significance whether there is a relationship between defect rate and ye ars of experience. a) Reject H0 if [pic] > 16. 919. b) Reject H0 if [pic] > 15. 507. c) Reject H0 if [pic] > 11. 143. d) Reject H0 if [pic] > 9. 488. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 37. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with less than 1 year of training time and a high defect rate? a) 4. 17 b) 4. 60 c) 5. 28 d) 9. 17 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 8. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate? a) 12. 00 b) 8. 64 c) 6. 67 d) 6. 00 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 39. Referring to Table 12-6, of the cell for 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate, what is the contribution to the overall [pic] statistic for the independence test? a) 0. 36 b) 0. 1296 c) 0. 015 d) 0. 0144 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 0. Referring to Table 12-6, a test was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between defect rate and years of experience. Which of the following p-values would indicate that defect rate and years of experience are dependent? Assume you are testing at [pic] = 0. 05. a) 0. 045 b) 0. 055 c) 0. 074 d) 0. 080 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value, decision TABLE 12-7 A corporation randomly selects 150 salespeople and finds that 66% who have never taken a self-improvement course would like to take such a course.The firm did a similar study 10 years ago in which 60% of a random sample of 160 salespeople wanted to take a self-improvement course. The groups are assumed to be independent random samples. Let p1 and p2 represent the true proportion of workers who would like to attend a self-impro vement course in the recent study and the past study, respectively. 41. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether this proportion has changed from the previous study, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions 42. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether a greater proportion of workers would currently like to attend a self-improvement course than in the past, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 ) H0 : p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 43. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the unbiased point estimate for the difference between the two population proportions? a) 0. 06 b) 0. 10 c) 0. 15 d) 0. 22 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: point estimate 44. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when performing a Z test on whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 45. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 10? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 08 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 46. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether the current population proportion is higher than before if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic]1. 645 b) + 1. 45 c) [pic]1. 96 d) + 1. 96 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 47. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the estimated standard error of the difference between the two sample proportions? a) 0. 629 b) 0. 500 c) 0. 055 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, standard error 48. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the value of the test statistic to use in evaluating the alternative hypothesis that there is a difference in the two population proportions? ) 4. 335 b) 1. 96 c) 1. 093 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 49. Referring to Table 12-7, the company tests at the 0. 05 level to determine whether the population proportion has changed from the previous study. Which of the following is most correct? a) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has changed over the intervening 10 years. ) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has not changed over the intervening 10 years. c) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. d) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 50. True or Fal se: In testing the difference between two proportions, we may use either a one-tailed chi-square test or two-tailed Z test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions 51. True or False: The squared difference between the observed and theoretical frequencies should be large if there is no significant difference between the proportions.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 52. True or False: A test for the difference between two proportions can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 53. True or False: A test for whether one proportion is higher than the other can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 54.True or False: When using the [pic] tests for independence, one should be aware that expected frequencies that are too small will lead to too big a Type I error. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 55. True or False: If we use the chi-square method of analysis to test for the difference between proportions, we must assume that there are at least 5 observed frequencies in each cell of the contingency table. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 6. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in Group 1 than in Group 2, and the test statistic for Z = +2. 07, the p-value is equal to ______. ANSWER: 0. 0192 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value TABLE 12-8 The dean of a college is interested in the proportion of graduates from his college who have a job offer on graduation day. He is particularly interested in seeing if there is a difference in this proportion for accounting and economics majors.In a random sample of 100 of each type of major at graduation, he found that 65 accounting majors and 52 economics majors had job offers. If the accounting majors are designated as â€Å"Group 1† and the economics majors are designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 57. Referring to Table 12-8, the hypotheses the dean should use are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0.ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 58. Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypot hesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 1. 96 or < -1. 96 or [pic] > 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 59. Referring to Table 12-8, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z = 1. 866 or [pic] = 3. 4806 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 60. Referring to Table 12-8, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0621 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 61. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 62.True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, th e same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 01 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 63. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 10 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-9A quality control engineer is in charge of the manufacture of computer disks. Two different processes can be used to manufacture the disks. He suspects that the Kohler method produces a greater proportion of defects than the Russell method. He samples 150 of the Kohler and 200 of the Russell disks and finds that 27 and 18 of them, respectively, are defective. If Kohler is designated as â€Å"Group 1† and Russell is designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate test at a level of significance of 0. 01. 64. Referring to Table 12-9, the hypotheses that should be tested are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 65. Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 2. 33 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 66. Referring to Table 12-9, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: 2. 49 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 67. Referring to Table 12-9, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0064 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 68. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 69. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 05 rather than 0. 01. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 70. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made if this had been a two-tailed test at a level of significance of 0. 01. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-10 The director of transportation of a large company is interested in the usage of her van pool. She considers her routes to be divided into local and non-local. She is particularly intereste d in learning if there is a difference in the proportion of males and females who use the local routes.She takes a sample of a day's riders and finds the following: | |Male |Female |Total | |Local |27 |44 |71 | |Non-Local |33 |25 |58 | |Total |60 |69 |129 | She will use this information to perform a chi-square hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 71. Referring to Table 12-10, the test will involve _________ degree(s) of freedom. ANSWER: 1TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 72. Referring to Table 12-10, the overall or average proportion of local riders is __________. ANSWER: 0. 550 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 73. Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Male/Local cell is __________. ANSWER: 33. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 74 . Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Female/Non-Local cell is __________.ANSWER: 31. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 75. Referring to Table 12-10, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 76. Referring to Table 12-10, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 4. 568 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 77. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the null hypothesis will be rejected.ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 78. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the decision made suggests that there is a difference between the proportion of males and females who ride local versus non-local routes. ANSWER: Tru e TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Median KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-11 Four surgical procedures are currently used to install pacemakers. If the patient does not need to return for follow-up surgery, the operation is called a â€Å"clear† operation.A heart center wants to compare the proportion of clear operations for the 4 procedures, and collects the following numbers of patients from their own records: | |Procedure | | | |A |B |C |D |Total | |Clear |27 |41 |21 |7 |96 | |Return |11 |15 |9 |11 |46 | |Total |38 |56 |30 |18 |142 They will use this information to test for a difference among the proportion of clear operations using a chi-square test with a level of significance of 0. 05. 79. Referring to Table 12-11, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 3 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 80. Referring to Table 12-11, the overall or average proportion of clear operations is __________. ANSWER: 0. 676 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 81.Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure A/Clear cell is __________. ANSWER: 25. 69 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 82. Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure D/Return cell is __________. ANSWER: 5. 83 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 83. Referring to Table 12-11, the critical value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 7. 815 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 84. Referring to Table 12-11, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 7. 867 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 85 . True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 86. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures all have different proportions of clear operations.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 87. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures do not all have the same proportion of clear operations. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-12 The director of admissions at a state college is interested in seeing if admissions status (admitted, waiting list, denied admission) at his college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides.He takes a sample of recent admissions decisions and form s the following table: | |Admitted |Wait List |Denied |Total | |Urban |45 |21 |17 |83 | |Rural |33 |13 |24 |70 | |Suburban |34 |12 |39 |85 | |Total |112 |46 |80 |238 |He will use this table to do a chi-square test of independence with a level of significance of 0. 01. 88. Referring to Table 12-12, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 4 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 89. Referring to Table 12-12, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 13. 277 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 90. Referring to Table 12-12, the expected cell frequency for the Admitted/Urban cell is _________. ANSWER: 39. 06TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 91. Referring to Table 12-12, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 12. 624 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, test statistic 92. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 93. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the p-value of this test is greater than 0. 01. ANSWER: TrueTYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value 94. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the decision made suggests that admissions status at the college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, conclusion 95. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 005. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 6. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level o f significance had been 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 97. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is no association between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 98.True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the alternative hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is some connection between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 99. True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 5. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption 100.True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 1. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption TABLE 12-13 Parents complain that children read too few story books and watch too much television nowadays. A survey of 1,000 children reveals the following information on average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books: | |Average time spent reading story books | |Average time pent watching TV |Less than 1 hour |Between 1 and 2 hours |More than 2 hours | |Less than 2 hours |90 |85 |130 | |More than 2 hours |655 |32 |8 | 101. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 102. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and no more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 103. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading no more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? ) 35. 69 b) 227. 23 c) 262. 91 d) 969. 75 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 104. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? a) 42. 09 b) 155. 25 c) 262. 92 d) 987. 75 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS : chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 105.Referring to Table 12-13, to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books, the value of the measured test statistic is a) -12. 59. b) 1. 61. c) 481. 49. d) 1,368. 06. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 106. Referring to Table 12-13, suppose we want to constrain the probability of committing a Type I error to 5% when testing whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books.The critical value will be a) 5. 991. b) 7. 378. c) 12. 592. d) 14. 449. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 107. Referring to Table 12-13, we want to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books. Suppose the valu e of the test statistic was 164 (which is not the correct answer) and the critical value was 19. 00 (which is not the correct answer), then we could conclude that a) there is a connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. ) there is no connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. c) more time spent reading story books leads to less time spent watching TV. d) more time spent watching TV leads to less time spent reading story books. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-14 Recent studies have found that American children are more obese than in the past. The amount of time children spend watching television has received much of the blame.A survey of 100 ten-year-olds revealed the following with regards to weights and average number of hours a day spent watching television. We are interested in testing whether the average number of hours spent watc hing TV and weights are independent at 1% level of significance. |Weights |TV Hours |Total | | |0-3 |3-6 |6+ | | |More than 10 lbs. verweight |1 |9 |20 |30 | |Within 10 lbs. of normal weight |20 |15 |15 |50 | |More than 10 lbs. underweight |10 |5 |5 |20 | |Total |31 |29 |40 |100 | 108.Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending 3-6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 b) 5. 8 c) 6. 2 d) 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 109. Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending no more than 6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. nderweight? a) 5. 8 b) 6. 2 c) 8 d) 12 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi- square test of independence, contingency table, properties 110. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. overweight? a) 1 b) 9 c) 20 d) 40 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 111. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend no more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 ) 10 c) 15 d) 20 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 112. Referring to Table 12-14, the value of the test statistic is a) 8. 532. b) 15. 483. c) 18. 889. d) 69. 744. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 113. Referring to Table 12-14, the critical value of the test will be a) 6. 635. b) 13. 277. c) 14. 860. d) 21. 666. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, critical value 114.Referring to Table 12-14, suppose the value of the test statistic was 30. 00 (which is not the correct value) and the critical value at 1% level of significance was 10. 00 (which is not the correct value), which of the following conclusions would be correct? a) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. b) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. c) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion 115. Referring to Table 12-14, which of the following statements is correct? a) We can accept the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005 b) We can reject the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005. c) We can accept the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 005 d) We can reject the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 05. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 116. Referring to Table 12-14, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. d) 9. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 117. True or False: Referring to Table 12-14, the test is always a one-tailed test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties Table 12-15 According to an article in Marketing News, fewer checks are being written at grocery store checkout stands than in the past.To determine whether there is a difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over three consecutive years at a 0 . 05 level of significance, the results of a survey of 500 shoppers during three consecutive years are obtained and presented below. | |Year | |Check Written |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Yes |225 |175 |125 | |No |275 |325 |375 | 118.Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who paid by check in year 1 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 175 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 119. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who did not pay by check in year 3 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 325 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 20. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the null hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-squ are test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 121. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the alternative hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] not all [pic] are the same ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 122. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the assumptions needed to perform the test are satisfied. ANSWER:True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, assumption 123. Referring to Table 12-15, what are the degrees of freedom of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 124. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 43. 96 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 125. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the critical value? ANSWER: 5. 99 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 126. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the p-value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2. 9E-10 or smaller than 0. 005 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, p-value 127. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 128. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the correct conclusion? a) There is enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. ) There is not enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. c) There is enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. d) There is not enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 129. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 2 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0754 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: DifficultKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 130. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 3 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0722 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical range 131. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 2 and year 3 using a 0. 5 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0705 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportion s, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 132. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 2 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 133.True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 134. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 2 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision conclusion

Egyptian Artwork Fragment Of a Wall Relief Essay example

Egyptian Artwork Fragment Of a Wall Relief As I entered the upper Egyptian gallery at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology I noticed a women giving a lecture to a small group concerning some of the monuments in the gallery. Lucky enough, I got a chance to catch the end of her lecture, and coincidentally it was about this piece entitled Fragment of a Wall Relief. This particular piece is from the Amarna period or 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt, dating from about 1367-1350 BCE. I picked this piece specifically because of the period in which it derives. The armana period has boggled me ever since we learned about it in class. In this paper I hope to uncover the historical significance of this piece†¦show more content†¦To either side of Aten are hieroglyphics, most likely stating the scene thats at hand. Atens rays are shining downwards towards Akenaten and one of his daughters. Akenaten is shown with his hand raised towards Aten, holding some type of bowl. To the right of these t wo subjects are piled up offerings meant as gifts for the sun god. In the lower scene, again is Aten at the top, and according to the museum, Akenaten is offering a censure of burning incense. This part is unclear to me due to the state of the monument. In both scenes Aten and the hair and clothing of both subjects are sunken relief, which at one time would have been inlayed with glass. Also in both scenes Akenaten is represented with his arms and hands raised towards Atens rays. Akenaten is represented with profile head, frontal torso, and profile legs. In the top scene he seems to be wearing a kilt type garment and in the lower scene its unclear the type of garment hes wearing but it seems to cover most of his body. Along the right hand side of the monument runs a vertical band containing various hieroglyphics and three sunken relief figures that end up breaking the band into three sections. At the bottom of this piece is the base of the monument, which is handled quite sim ply. The base is plain, there is nothing written on it, represented on it, it doesnt extend out in any direction. The only point of the base I believe is to raise the subject matter to eye level. Along the side edges areShow MoreRelatedThe Visit At The Metropolitan Museum Of Art1310 Words   |  6 PagesYork City that has a variety of ancient artwork from different cultures and time periods. There is paintings and sculptures from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and Greece. The museum is additionally home to artwork from many different time periods including ancient Near Eastern Art, Middle Ages and Europe during the Renaissance. The Met also has artwork from many different religions such as Christianity and Islam. Each section in the museum had a specific artwork that attracted my attention. Read More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagesreflects the cultures religious beliefs and in most civilizations was designed with humankind in mind. The erection of the citadels during the Mesopotamia historical era is built to provide protection of the temples and palaces. They are decorated in relief and personify power, religious themes, and the cultural beliefs about the human form and its relationship to the universe. The Human-Headed winged lion from Nimrud is the perfect example. The tremendous stone slabs are carved into enormous human-headedRead MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pages• Chapter 1 Notes - Prehistoric Period o Paleolithic Period Ââ€" Old Stone Age #61607; Old and primitive period #61607; Around 50,000BC #61607; Artwork consisted of cave paintings #61607; Brutal period #61607; Average life expectancy was about 20 years o Neolithic Period Ââ€" New Stone Age #61607; Begins around 9,000BC #61607; Neolithic Revolution • Agriculture o Allows people luxury of staying in one place; stability and performance o Cornerstone of civilization • Domestic Architecture Read MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagesvillage pattern. Çatal Hà ¼yà ¼k, in a fertile agricultural region of present-day Turkey, was a large town with astonishingly diversified agriculture, arts, and crafts. At an oasis near the Dead Sea, the town of Jericho was surrounded by a massive stone wall with at least one tower against the inner face. No other Neolithic settlement has been found with fortifications. These two sites show that the economies and settlement patterns of the Neolithic period may have been more complicated than scholars